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Autor	Stefaniia Belinska, Ondrej Beňuš, Peter Bielik, Miriam Buliková
Tytuł	EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF TAX POLICY ON THE ASSETS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural enterprise, tax, tax burden, tax implications, tax policy
Key words
Abstrakt	Every taxpayer is obliged to pay tax on their profits, but if taxpayers feel that the government is opaque and ineffective with their taxes, their willingness to pay taxes is reduced. At the same time, the higher the tax rate for tax subjects, the lower their interest in paying taxes. The optimal tax burden should be a burden that encourages people to work and stimulate businesses to create value. Each state seeks to maximize tax revenues as part of its tax policy, while at the same time ensuring that the tax system does not interfere with the economy or negatively affect the business environment. The state strives to maintain the most optimal state tax system and to support the market economy and competitiveness. Therefore, the state must have a tax administration that can collect taxes efficiently, and consequently, the tax system in the state should be such that the redistribution of collected taxes will be as efficient and fair as possible. The main goal of the article is to examine the dependence of tax policy on the agricultural business economy and find an effective variant of enterprise income taxation, which should have a positive impact on the business activity and competitiveness of companies in the selected sector of the economy and such taxation still would be beneficial for the state. The article will also set out some hypotheses based on the gained theoretical knowledge, as well as on the set research question.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Belinska S., Beňuš O., Bielik P., Buliková M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s22.pdf

Autor	Jarosław Dziuba
Tytuł	Polityka podatkowa gmin wiejskich w Polsce w latach 2006–2017
Title	Tax policy of rural municipalities in Poland in 2006–2017
Słowa kluczowe	samorząd terytorialny, podatki lokalne, polityka podatkowa, system podatkowy
Key words	local self-governement, local taxes, tax policy, tax system
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu było rozpoznanie specyfi ki polityki podatkowej gmin wiejskich w Polsce. Weryfi kacji poddano hipotezę, zgodnie z którą polityka podatkowa w tych gminach jest bardziej liberalna i aktywna w porównaniu z innymi rodzajami gmin. Przeprowadzona analiza sprawozdań budżetowych gmin za lata 2006–2017 nie wykazuje istotnych odmienności polityki podatkowej gmin wiejskich w zakresie struktury zarówno podatków, jak i stosowanych instrumentów względem polityk podatkowych innych typów gmin. Można natomiast zauważyć większe natężenie i elastyczność wykorzystywania narzędzi władztwa podatkowego, co pozwala uznać postawioną hipotezę za prawdziwą.
Abstract	The purpose of the article was to discuss the specificity of tax policy carried out by rural municipalities in Poland. The hypothesis stating that tax policy in these municipalities is more active and liberal in comparison with other types of municipalities has been verified. The conducted analysis of municipal budget reports for the years 2006–2017 does not present any significant differences in tax policy of rural municipalities regarding the structure of either the taxes or the applied instruments in relation to tax policies of other types of municipalities. However, greater intensity and flexibility of using the tools of fiscal power is noticeable, which allows considering the put forward hypothesis to be true.
Cytowanie	Dziuba J. (2019) Polityka podatkowa gmin wiejskich w Polsce w latach 2006–2017.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 125: 33-43
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2019_n125_s33.pdf

Autor	Oleg Dannikov, Inna Ivasko
Tytuł	FARM TAXATION POLICY IN UKRAINE AND POLAND
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tax regulation, special tax regimes, land rent, agrarian sector, agriculture, foreign experience
Key words
Abstrakt	The article discusses the shortcomings of tax policy in the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine, whichhas created non-competitive conditions for small farms. Large agricultural enterprises in Ukraine use theexisting special tax regime as an optimization of tax liabilities. This has led to such negative economic,social and environmental consequences as the development of landlands, the deterioration of agriculturallandscapes, the increase in export-oriented production, the growth of unemployment in the village and themigration of the rural population. While small farms, without state support, provide the population with basicfoodstuffs. The purpose of the article is evidence of the use of a special tax regime only for small farms, basedon an analysis of the special tax treatment regime in Polish agriculture and an analysis of the differential rentmethodology laid down in the basis of a special tax regime, as well as the development of practical recommendationsfor Ukraine.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Dannikov O., Ivasko I.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s60.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel, Małgorzata Raczkowska
Tytuł	The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries
Title	The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	tax, taxation of agriculture, agricultural tax
Key words	tax, taxation of agriculture, agricultural tax
Abstrakt	The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
Abstract	The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
Cytowanie	Gruziel K., Raczkowska M. (2018) The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 162-174
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s162.pdf

Autor	Justyna Barczyk-Ciuła, Marcin Nogieć, Wojciech Sroka, Tomasz Wojewodzic
Tytuł	Pozarolnicza działalność gospodarcza w gminach położonych w zasięgu oddziaływania Krakowskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego
Title	NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN GMINAS LOCATED WITHIN RANGE OF IMPACT OF KRAKÓW METROPOLITAN AREA
Słowa kluczowe	Krakowski Obszar Metropolitalny, przedsiębiorczość, teoria lokalizacji
Key words	Kraków Metropolitan Area, entrepreneurship, location theory
Abstrakt	Identyfikacja czynników sprzyjających rozwojowi gospodarczemu należy do najważniejszych zadań ekonomii. Głównym celem opracowania było określenie zależności pomiędzy wybranymi cechami lokalizacji i polityki podatkowej prowadzonej przez organy samorządu terytorialnego a natężeniem przedsiębiorczości w gminach pozostających w strefie oddziaływania Krakowskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego (KOM). Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że w okresie 1995-2016 szybciej zwiększała się liczba podmiotów gospodarczych w gminach bezpośrednio graniczących z Krakowem niż w jednostkach od niego oddalonych. Jednocześnie gminy zlokalizowane korzystniej względem regionalnego centrum gospodarczego prowadziły bardziej restrykcyjną politykę podatkową, dążąc do przejęcia w formie podatków lokalnych części renty lokalizacyjnej realizowanej przez przedsiębiorców.
Abstract	One of economics’ major tasks is the identification of factors that facilitate economic growth. The main purpose of the study was to determine interrelations between selected features of a location, a tax policy implemented by territorial self-government authorities and the intensity of entrepreneurship in gminas [communes] within the range of impact of the Kraków Metropolitan Area (KMA). Based on the analyses which were conducted, in 1995-2016 the number of business entities in gminas bordering directly on Kraków increased faster compared to those located farther away. Reasons for such status quo include the increasing absorptive power of local markets within areas where population density has been increasing as well as migration of entrepreneurs from the core of the KMA to suburban gminas which have improved connections with Kraków. Concurrently, the gminas with more advantageous locations relative to the regional economic center implemented a more restrictive tax policy and aimed to take over, in the form of local taxes, a part of entrepreneurs’ location rent.
Cytowanie	Barczyk-Ciuła J., Nogieć M., Sroka W., Wojewodzic T. (2018) Pozarolnicza działalność gospodarcza w gminach położonych w zasięgu oddziaływania Krakowskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 1: 47-57
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n1_s47.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Płonka, Łukasz Satoła, Tomasz Wojewodzic
Tytuł	Zmiany przychylności podatkowej gmin w okresie dekoniunktury gospodarczej
Title	CHANGES OF TAX FAVOURISM OF THE COMMUNES DURING RECESSION
Słowa kluczowe	polityka podatkowa, podatek od nieruchomości, dochody gmin
Key words
Abstrakt	Głównym narzędziem kreowania polityki podatkowej stosowanym przez gminy w Polsce jest uchwalanie w prawnie określonych granicach wysokości stawek podatków lokalnych. Celem opracowania jest prezentacja i ocena zmian w wysokości stawek podatku od nieruchomości uchwalanych przez samorządy szczebla gminnego w latach 2007 i 2010. Ocenie została poddana przychylność podatkowa gmin wobec podatników. Przeprowadzone obliczenia wyraźnie wskazują na zmniejszenie się w badanej populacji udziału jednostek terytorialnych stosujących relatywnie niskie stawki podatku od nieruchomości. W niewielkim stopniu wzrósł natomiast udział gmin stosujących relatywnie wysokie stawki podatku, co poskutkowało zakwalifikowaniem ich do grupy gmin o niskiej przychylności podatkowej.
Abstract	A major tool for developing a tax policy applied by communes in Poland is adopting, within lawful limits, amounts of rates of local taxes. This paper aims at presenting and evaluating changes in the amounts of real estate tax rates adopted by communes self-governments in 2007 and 2010. The assessment also included a favorable tax regime of communes in regard of entrepreneurs and inhabitants. Calculations which have been made clearly show that, in regard of the surveyed population, the share of territorial units applying relatively low real estate tax rates decreased whereas the share of communes applying relatively high tax rates rose to an insignificant extent. The above resulted in classifying them among the group of communes with an unfavorable tax regime.
Cytowanie	Płonka A., Satoła Ł., Wojewodzic T. (2014) Zmiany przychylności podatkowej gmin w okresie dekoniunktury gospodarczej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 11(60): 185-194
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2014_n60_s185.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Satoła
Tytuł	Polityka opodatkowania nieruchomości w gminach województwa małopolskiego w latach 2007-2010
Title	Property tax policy in the municipalities of Malopolska Region in 2007-2010
Słowa kluczowe	budżet, finanse samorządów, gmina, podatek od nieruchomości, polityka podatkowa
Key words	budget, community, property tax, self-government finance, tax policy
Abstrakt	Polityka podatkowa gmin należy do najistotniejszych działań w zakresie pozyskiwania dochodów własnych umożliwiających finansowanie ustawowych zadań samorządu. W dobie kryzysu znaczenie właściwie prowadzonej polityki podatkowej wzrasta z uwagi na ograniczone możliwości kreowania innych źródeł dochodu. Celem artykułu jest ocena zróżnicowania polityki podatkowej gmin w zakresie stosowanych przez nie stawek podatku od nieruchomości. Wyniki badań wskazują na duże zróżnicowanie stosowanych przez gminy stawek podatku od nieruchomości. Nie widać natomiast istotnych różnic w prowadzonej polityce podatkowej w okresie dynamicznego wzrostu gospodarczego i kryzysu ekonomicznego.
Abstract	Tax policy is one of the most important municipalities of activities related to the acquisition own incomes permitting the financing of local government statutory duties. In times of crisis, the importance of fiscal policy increases because of the limited possibilities to create other sources of income. Aim of this paper is to assess the diversity of tax policy conducted by municipalities in property tax rates. The results indicate a wide variation used by municipalities property tax rates. There were no significant differences in tax policy conducted in a period of dynamic growth and economic crisis.
Cytowanie	Satoła Ł. (2013) Polityka opodatkowania nieruchomości w gminach województwa małopolskiego w latach 2007-2010.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 9(58): 425-434
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2013_n58_s425.pdf

Autor	Mirosław Wasilewski
Tytuł	Finansowanie rzeczowych aktywów trwałych z budżetu państwa (na przykładzie uczelni publicznych)
Title	Financing of fi xed assets from the state treasury (exemplifi ed by public institutions of higher education)
Słowa kluczowe
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Abstrakt
Abstract	The aim of this paper is to find out determinants and options for purchasing fixed assets in state-operated institutions of higher education financed by the State Treasury. Based on applicable law that regulates the possibility of State Treasury’s financing of purchase or unaided production of fixed assets in public institutions of higher education, a detailed analysis was performed. An examination of the currently valid method and a procedure of fixed assets financing revealed difficulties encountered by institutions of higher education in the course of investments financed with State Treasury funds. Applicable statutory regulations concernig the limitation of financing of fixed assets with a subsidy specifically designated for the purchase or production of fixed assets contain significant complications, thus restricting operations and development of institutions of higher education. Values provided in taxation law, allowing for one-off depreciation or introducing limits for one-off depreciation are applicable to certain values, different groups of fixed assets and different businesses (that pay income tax). An institution of higher education is not a payer of income tax and as such it makes use of balance sheet regulations only (based on accounting policy), and it does not make use of tax policy. Tax reliefs do not impact on effectiveness of management of resources of an institution of higher education, and recording of one-off depreciation of fixed assets with a final value below an amount allowed for such depreciation results in the deformaion of financial result and economic/financial image of such an institution.
Cytowanie	Wasilewski M. (2011) Finansowanie rzeczowych aktywów trwałych z budżetu państwa (na przykładzie uczelni publicznych).Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 89: 5-16
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n89_s5.pdf

Autor	Kinga Gruziel
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Taxation of Agriculture in the UE
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Abstract	The paper identifies the main objectives of taxation of agriculture in selected countries of the European Union. Presents selected solutions of taxation of agriculture in general and preferential terms. Taxation of income from agricultural activities is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. Tax policy in the EU, in relation to agriculture, to the extent possible effect to the principle of fair taxation. Diversifying the EU rules and tax structure allows the taxation of income from agricultural activities without compromising the ability of farm development. Special treatment of agriculture in the fiscal dimension is expressed through the tax structure elements (relief, exemptions, exclusions).
Cytowanie	Gruziel K. (2011) Opodatkowanie rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 94: 149-158
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n94_s149.pdf

Autor	Rafał Rosiński
Tytuł	Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1
Title	Fiscal analysis of the tax burden of individual agricultural farms in Poland
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Abstrakt
Abstract	Diversification of the tax burden in relation to particular sectors of the economy is dependent on the state tax policy. Analyses show that the agricultural tax as the tax burden of individual farms rather characteristic meets the property tax because it is in fact minimal relationship between paid agricultural tax and the income obtained.
Cytowanie	Rosiński R. (2011) Opodatkowanie działalności rolniczej i gospodarczej w Polsce1.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 88: 257-266
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2011_n88_s257.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Płonka, Tomasz Wojewodzic
Tytuł	Polityka gmin województwa małopolskiego w zakresie podatku od nieruchomości
Title	THE REAL ESTATE TAX POLICY OF COMMUNES FROM MAŁOPOLSKA REGION
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Abstract	While executing their responsibilities, local governments aim at satisfying broadly understood needs of the local communities so as to ensure them the best living conditions within the available financial resources. One of the instruments of such a policy is the right to set real estate tax rates. The purpose of the study is to show the tendencies in the tax policy of the Małopolska Region. The analysis comprises resolutions of all 182 municipalities in the 2003 and 2006. On the basis of the executed studies, it has been concluded that most municipalities applied tax regulations with rates set at 70–90% of rates proposed in the resolutions of the Minister of Finance. Thus resigning from a part of revenues due to them. The observation of the applied solutions points to the evolution of the tax policy of municipalities in the area of greater variation of the rates than envisaged by the law on taxes and local charges. This indirectly testifies the fact that municipalities perceive the opportunities to impact the local development by using available tax instruments
Cytowanie	Płonka A., Wojewodzic T. (2008) Polityka gmin województwa małopolskiego w zakresie podatku od nieruchomości.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, nr 65: 201-209
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Pełny tekst	EIOGZ_2008_n65_s201.pdf